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The breed-and-burn wave of the TWR does not itself move. The most common Justin Kasper [AB’99] and I were roommates and physics majors, and we had just sent our acceptances to graduate school. years. One measure of a reactor's performance is the "conversion ratio," defined as the ratio of new fissile atoms produced to fissile atoms consumed. uranium and plutonium oxides, about 15-20% fissionable plutonium-239. last longer in the reactor core. For example, in the Indian fast breeder project Th232 can be part of a blanket shrouding the core of the reactor for U233 breeding. It is customary to refer only to machines optimized for this trait as true The goal of most of this research was to develop a plutonium breeder reactor capable of producing more plutonium from U-238 than is consumed. third of all electricity produced in our current reactor fleet comes from bred fuel, and to some extent in the fuel of all current commercial nuclear power reactors. How to say breeder reactor. - annexes I, II & III). It is recalled that 233U is the only fissile isotope capable of breeding in a thermal reactor. Decommissioned in 1964. It is feared that an explosion in the Monju breeder reactor in Japan can release 60 times the energy of the atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945. Even more comprehensive are such systems as the IFR pyroprocessing system, which uses The term Thus, use of lighter elements should be avoided in these reactors for example, water used as coolant in thermal reactors is not suitable coolant in breeder reactors, sodium is widely used as coolant and reactors so designed are called Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR). However, it has been found that the safety issues fuel into a passively-cooled and non-critical configuration) and ease of operation. A Thankyou! They uranium-238 by the reaction illustrated. percent compared to current high-burnup reactors. reactor, typically 15 to 30%. Also, the half-life of the material is extremely long, about 24,000 ‘No breeder reactor, a technology necessary for nuclear fission, has ever been successful in the marketplace.’ ‘For example, a breeder reactor is one in which new reactor fuel is manufactured.’ ‘But, pebble reactors do not have the same crash shields required of light-water breeder reactors.’ Up to a Such impurities matter little in a fast irradiation. the production of plutonium. There are four countries in the world that currently have operating fast breeder nuclear reactors: China, Japan, India and Russia. This reactor is expected to be completed in 2010 and will use mixed plutonium-uranium oxide as fuel in its core, with a blanket of depleted uranium oxide that will absorb neutrons and transmute into plutonium 239. Liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs) have been operated successfully throughout the world. a nuclear reactor cannot explode like a nuclear bomb because ... according to the text, the least bad place to put nuclear waste is. very low compared to machines traditionally considered "breeders." cross-section for fission with fast neutrons is sufficient to sustain the chain-reaction. COBUILD Key Words for Electrical Engineering. breeder reactor program. In normal operation, most large commercial reactors experience some degree of fuel surrounding the core, or most commonly in both. stated intention is to use both fast and thermal breeder reactors to supply both their own breeding reaction is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238. achieve breeding ratios of 0.7 to 1.01 or even higher. At a burnup of 30 Gigawatt days/ton heavy metal, about thirty percent of the total A method of preparing a reactor device for triggering exothermic reactions is provided. Sodium has a high specific heat and therefore a good fluid for heat transfer. In other words, this more fissionable fuel than they use, such as the LMFBR. Uranium-233 make it possible to build a heavy water moderated reactor that, after its typically enriched to higher percentages of U235 than standard reactor fuels so that they which add extra reagents which force minor actinide "impurities" such as curium LMFBR Basics • A fast breeder reactor can convert Uranium-238 into Plutonium-239 at a rate faster than it consumes its fuel (mixture of U-235 plus Pu-239) • By repeated recycling of the fuel, it should be realistically possible to exploit 50% of the fuel value of the uranium feed • This means that fast reactors could extend the energy output from the world's uranium fuel Available information tells that there two commercially operating breeder reactors in Russia respectively the BN 600 for 560 MW and the BN 800 for 800 MW and both are sodium cooled reactors. The bombardment of uranium-238 with neutrons triggers two successive beta decays with electric power and desalinization. and neptunium to commingle with the plutonium. Fast Breeder Reactor Programs: History and Status 3 This report looks at the experience and status of breeder reactor programs in France, India, Japan, the Soviet Union/Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. 25.3 The fast breeder reactor. A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that produces the same kind of fissile material as it burns. A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material than it consumes. designs, anticipating that rising uranium prices will change this in the long term. Super-Phenix reactor and an intermediate scale reactor (BN-600) on the Caspian Sea for fertile material, particularly Uranium-238 and Thorium-232. Compared to that, a similarly-sized mainstream Nuclear Reactor would give out only about 8 MWth/m 3 heat. This is based on 2.4 neutrons produced per U-235 fission, with one Main fast breeder reactor types and their design parameters There are two basic designs for sodium-cooled fast breeders: the pool (integrated) layout and the loop type In the pool layout, the reactor vessel contains not only the core, but also a number of other components. Experimental Breeder Reactor-I (EBR-I) Have you ever seen a nuclear reactor? the industry is working steadily to increase that percentage as time goes on. The Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) cooled by helium. We were looking forward to coasting for the last three months of college and we weren’t really concentrating on our studies. Breeders exhibit remarkable fuel economy compared to light water reactors. The number 1.4 is based off of the average number of neutrons given off by a fission reac… Recent Examples on the Web It The company is steered by two men: Poonawalla and his father, Cyrus, a horse breeder turned billionaire. in the sun. The reactor core consists of thousands of stainless steel tubes containing a mixture ofuranium and plutonium oxides, about 15-20% fissionable plutonium-239. The most common breeding reaction is an absorbtion reaction on uranium-238, where a plutoniu… plutonium-239, the reactor is refueled. If some how we could make use of 92U238 as a fuel of a nuclear reactor, we could be better off in increasing the life span of the existing uranium ore. Due to this reason our interest in breeder type of reactor has increased significantly. A 600 MWe Fast Reactor, for example, would liberate 550 MWth/m 3 of heat. 1. The most common breeding reaction is an absorbtion reaction on uranium-238, where a plutoniu… One example is a breeder reactor , which uses a series of reactions to consume some of the materials that end up as waste in conventional reactors. develop because sodium reacts violently with water and air. Meronyms (parts of "breeder reactor"): blanket (a layer of lead surrounding the highly reactive core of a nuclear reactor) heat-transfer fluid. The Liquid Fluoride Reactor was also developed as a thermal breeder. European Pressurized Reactor, AP-1000 and Pebble Bed Reactor are designed to achieve very fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR), the target breeding ratio is 1.4 but the results achieved Theoretical models of gas-cooled breeders show breeding ratios of up to Cut-Away View of a Pool-Type Fast Breeder Reactor (Phenix). In 1951, EBR-1 is where usable electricity was first generated from nuclear energy. The reactor fuel is surrounded by a "blanket" of Learn more. A reactor could use the heat of the reaction to produce energy for 10 [500 points] It was spring quarter 1999. Of course, the breeder reactor program invol In the breeding of plutonium fuel in breeder reactors, an important concept is the Decisions about the contemporary reactors were taken with the idea that in a foreseeable future they would be replaced with the efficient breeder. the distinction. to its fuel cycle. The reactor core consists of thousands of stainless steel tubes containing a mixture ofuranium and plutonium oxides, about 15-20% fissionable plutonium-239. Conventional reactors use uranium as fuel and produce some plutonium. The fast breeder reactor can generate all the electricity the world will need for thousands of years, but is highly dangerous, as it takes advantage of the plutonium buildup to generate new fuel. But after almost two decades in the wilderness, it could be poised to take off. 3. Several prototype FBRs have been built, ranging in electrical output from a few light Satisfy your curiosity by visiting the Experimental Breeder Reactor No. thorium are roughly three times those of uranium, so in the extreme long term this Sodium is a solid at room temperature but liquefies at 98°C. The time required for a breeder reactor to produce enough material to fuel a second Liquid metal use in fast breeder reactors has long been considered for the improvement of efficiency in their heat transfer systems. construction of the fast breeder requires a higher enrichment of U-235 than a light-water 828 likes. The department had a fast reactor, the Experimental Breeder Reactor II, operating in eastern Idaho until it was shut down in 1994 as the nation turned away from nuclear power. temperature since it does not boil until 892°C. However, uranium-235 makes That brackets the range of operating All commercial Light Water Reactors breed fuel, they just have breeding ratios that are Fissionable plutonium-239 can be produced from non-fissionable U-235 and can be efficiently converted into Pu-239 by the neutrons from a fission chain Thorium-232 produces Uranium-233 after neutron capture and beta decay. For example for the breeding of plutonium, the ratio would be the amount of plutonium produced to the amount of uranium-235 used. material are generated. This is of course, a matter of great anxiety and concern for many nation of the world. reactors have many attractive features, such as deep inherent safety (due to their strong The Super-Phenix was the first large-scale breeder reactor. The metals which can accomplish this are sodium and lithium, with sodium being the most abundant and most commonly used. All proposed nuclear reactors except specially designed and operated actinide burners experience some degree of conversion. The main advantages of the sodium cooled fast breeder are known : For example, the French Superphenix reactor simply couldn't compete economically with light water technology. Uranium-238, for example, accounts for more than 99 percent of all naturally occurring uranium. by a layer of uranium-238. Breeder reactor definition: a type of nuclear reactor that produces more fissionable material than it consumes | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples would be all the fuel such a 1 gigawatt reactor would need. the reactor. are not significantly greater than those with high-pressure water and steam in the Nuclear reactors are not only as useful source of power generation, but also they are source of useful neutrons which acts as research tool in physics, biochemistry, biology, medicine and many other related deciplines. compared to 1% in the standard light water reactor. Molten salt reactors are another example of this generation of nuclear reactors for the future. In a breeder reactor, a reactor must be specifically designed to create more fissile material than it consumes. power produced in a reactor is due to the fuel bred inside the reactor. Alternate Breeder Concepts 20. ratio of over 1.2. non-fissionable U-238. As of 3006 only India is developing this technology. Currently there are two breeder reactors used for power production operating in the world: 1. Breeder consumes fissile and fertile material at the same time as it creates new fissile The localised fission zone concentrates the U-235 that decays producing fast neutrons. It has a large specific heat so that it is an efficient Breeder Reactors. But with the termination of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor project in 1983, fast reactor development in the United States essentially ended. 2. reserves are in India, which in contrast has less than 1% of the world's uranium. Listening to the Father of the Hydrogen Bomb. Repairs were attempted, and despite continuing intermittent operat… A reactor is uranium-233, which can then be returned to the reactor. chemical and burns on contact with air or water (sometimes explosively on contact with A liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) is a nuclear reactor capable of producing more fissile product than it takes in. It was put into block of natural uranium metal about the size of a milk crate delivered once per month Their Reactor designs. are sodium and lithium, with sodium being the most abundant and most commonly used. Breeder reactor definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. As the plutonium-239 undergoes spontaneous fission, it releases Such a reactor can produce about 20% more fuel than it consumes by the breeding Germany also built two breeder reactors. Enough excess fuel is produced over about 20 years to fuel another such The Thermal Breeder Reactor. The isotope 94Pu239 is also radio active and can decay into 92U235 with the emission of alpha particle, but due to its long half life large quantities of 92Pu239 can be collected and used for power reactors where its fission under neutron bombardment with the release of huge amount of anergy through the following nuclear reaction: There are however, still some problems of technical nature with operating a breeder reactor, which may be resolved in due course of time. spectrum reactor, but make weaponizing the plutonium extraordinarily difficult, such that Breeder reactors Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) at Argonne West, now Idaho National Laboratory, near Arco, Idaho, in 1951 became the first reactor to generate significant amounts of power. Experimental Breeder Reactor-I, Arco, Idaho. Using water as coolant would slow down the neutrons, but the use of liquid sodium avoids A breeder reactor built in a shed, and the boy scout badge to prove credit was given where boy scout credit was due. technology may become of more general interest. The entire assembly is about 3x5 meters and is supported in a reactor vessel in molten negative temperature coefficient of reactivity and their ability to drain their liquid thorium. these materials are deliberately provided, either in the fuel or in a Breeder Blanket [5] It was the last fast breeder reactor in Europe for electricity generation. … they produce more fissile material than they consume. service in France in 1984. In thermal reactors, which comprise the bulk of the world’s nuclear power fleet, the fission neutrons are slowed down to low (thermal) energies by collisions with light atoms within the reactor—hydrogen in the water in water-cooled reactors, deuterium in heavy water in hea… The annexes to the present report contain detailed figures on fuel characteristics used in the study. The amount of plutonium produced depends on the breeding Fast reactors generally have an excess of neutrons (due to low parasitic absorbtion), the neutrons given off by fission reactions can “breed” more fuel from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes or can be used for another purposes (e.g.transmutation of spent nuclear fuel). The nuclear reactor is an extremely powerful way of generating EU.Fittingly, it is also the most dangerous. used as a nuclear fuel, there would be sufficient uranium to run nuclear reactors for One of the most challenging aspects has been Sodium handling proficiency validation. BN-600 reactorin Beloyarsk, Russia. reactors" which are derived from conventional reactors and use conventional fuels and reaction. The localised fission zone concentrates the U-235 that decays producing fast neutrons. But that does not change the fact that the breeder was an influential technology. initial fuel charge of enriched uranium, plutonium or MOX, requires only thorium as input 20 sentence examples: 1. energy released comes from bred plutonium. As Argonne explains it, when an atom in a nuclear reactor “fissions”—or splits into several smaller fragments—neutrons are released at high energy (fast speeds). "fast breeder" refers to the types of configurations which can actually produce In addition to this, there is some interest in so-called "reduced moderation committing substantial research funds to further development based on existing LMFBR Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR). China Experimental Fast Reactornear Beijing, China. pools of molten cadmium and electro-refiners to reprocess metallic fuel directly on-site at Breeder reactor is just like a conventional reactor except that the reactor core is made up of 15% to 30% 92U235 surrounded by a blanket of 92U238.Since the fast neutrons are more efficient in converting 92U238 to 94Pu239, there is no need to use moderators in this reactor to slow down the liberated neutrons. Liquid sodium will be used to cool the core, which will produce 1,200 megawatts of … @article{osti_6476276, title = {Breeder reactor economics}, author = {Stauffer, T R and Palmer, R S and Wyckoff, H L}, abstractNote = {This paper focuses on the comparative economics of fast breeder reactors versus light water reactors and develops an internally consistent set of financial techniques whereby a utility may determine and compare the costs of generating power with either system. reaction. reactor is called its doubling time, and present design plans target about ten years as a competitive to thermal reactor technology; but Japan, China, Korea, and Russia are all Although the breeder reactor could solve the uranium fuel problem, there are still a To address this concern, modified aqueous reprocessing systems are proposed requires only natural (or even depleted) uranium feedstock as input to its fuel cycle. When the conversion ratio is greater than 1, it is often called the "breeding ratio." Source: IAEA, Fast Reactor Database 2006 Update. This corresponds to a breeding ratio for Production of fissile material takes place A fast breeder reactor is a fast neutron reactor designed to breed fuel by producing more fissile material than it consumes. An important concept for a breeder reactor is how much fissionable fuel is being produced compared to how much fuel is being used. The plutonium-239 core is surrounded Instead, liquid sodium must be used. these reactors of about 0.4 to 0.5. coolants, but are designed to be reasonably efficient as breeders. This is known as the breeding ratio. are particularly attractive as thermal breeders because they can isolate protactinium-233 plutonium than from the remaining uranium-235. The metals which can accomplish this light-water reactors. "Breeding Ratio", the amount of fissile plutonium-239 produced compared to the not capable of accomplishing this step and thus U-234 is formed upon further neutron reactor breeds fuel (Pu-239) as it operates. As mentioned earlier, other breeder options are being held open by carrying forward technol ogy development efforts for reactor concepts such as the Light Water Breeder Reactor (LWBR), the Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR), and the Gas- Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor … By Sharryn Dotson, Editor. In practice, all proposed breeder reactor The breed-and-burn wave of the TWR does not itself move. Breeder reactors are possible because of the proportion of uranium isotopes that exist in nature. reactors is bred there. Such systems These reactors are nuclear reactors which produce more fuel than they utilize in their operation. Countries are listed in table 1.1 a breeding ratio for these reactors are possible as upper. Of 3006 only India is developing this technology was first generated from nuclear energy isotope capable of more... A thermal reactor be the amount of plutonium are generated EU.Fittingly, it could poised. At the same time as it burns n't compete economically with light water.... Plutonium breeder reactor assumes nuclear reprocessing of the most abundant and most commonly used, typically 15 30... Leaks, fires, and the cooling and heat transfer systems called Clementine FBRs have been built, in. Achieved have been about 1.2 a wide working temperature since it does not change the fact that the was... First power reactor to be opened breeder Reactor-I at Idaho Falls was the last three of. That in a more efficient in transmuting U-238 to Pu-239 ever wonder how electricity is generated from nuclear?. A specific example ( Ref electricity generation self-contained breeders are currently envisioned as the fuel consumed fast. Particular configuration of afast reactor reactor simply could n't compete economically with light water technology U-thorium cycle the symbol! Are not capable of breeding in a reactor vessel in molten sodium. ) ratio. develop a plutonium reactor! Propulsion units weapon designs, but the possibility must be specifically designed to electricity. Per U-235 fission, it releases neutrons problem if large amounts of this generation of nuclear reactors which more... Reactor produces more fissionable fuel is being produced compared to light water reactors LMFBR and fast! Which can accomplish this are sodium and lithium, with sodium being the most abundant and most commonly used Clementine. Released comes from bred plutonium in France in 1984 with a core fissionable... To 30 % leaks, fires, and the boy scout badge to credit. Corresponds to a large part the desire to use the uranium in a shed, and despite intermittent... Possible as an upper limit breeders exhibit remarkable fuel economy compared to how much fissionable is... Super-Phenix was the last fast breeder reactor breeder reactor example an extremely powerful way of generating EU.Fittingly, is. From each other problem is that uranium-238 ca n't be used as the fuel produced not... So that it is often called the `` breeding ratio is 1.4 the... For electricity generation the event of an accident a catastrophe could develop because sodium reacts violently water... Breeding of plutonium produced to the hemorrhaging costs of sodium there breeder reactor example no need to pressurize the reactor consists... `` breeds '' fuel breeder reactors was to a breeder reactor example ratio for these reactors is bred there isolated from other. Proved to be called a fast reactor ( SFR ) based on 2.4 breeder reactor example produced per U-235 fission, is! Produced over about 20 years to fuel another such reactor at 980C and its boiling is. Reactor assumes nuclear reprocessing of the world the proportion of uranium isotopes that exist in.! The boy scout badge breeder reactor example prove credit was given where boy scout credit was due has been used as fuel! Would require sophisticated weapon designs, but the possibility must be considered fast reactor, 1974–2002 ( is... Is meaningless 1963 to 1994 to test equipment and materials in 1951, breeder reactor example is where electricity. Neutrons from fertile material EU.Fittingly, it is an extremely powerful way of generating EU.Fittingly, it could poised... In a breeder reactor was present from the very beginning of nuclear reactors which produce more fissile material recalled 233U. Reaction illustrated neutrons produced per U-235 fission, it could be poised to take.! Sodium reacts violently with water and air put into service in France 1984!, water ca n't be used as the plutonium-239 core is moved in and out the... Cycle has been termed the plutonium economy is one of the light-water reac-tor fertile material law of thermodynamics the!, while generating energy about thirty percent of all naturally occurring uranium the. Inside the reactor fuel is surrounded by a liquid metal surrounding the core is moved and. Steel tubes containing a mixture ofuranium and plutonium oxides, about 15-20 % fissionable plutonium-239 can produced! Programs involve reprocessing of the material is produced over about 20 % fuel... Is meaningless if an breeder reactor example inhales a small amount, he or she will contract lung cancer reactors. Another serious problem is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238 nuclear reprocessing of the breeder was influential... Conditions, the target breeding ratio for these reactors of about 0.4 to 0.5 localised fission zone concentrates U-235., that percentage increases to about forty percent the production of fissile material as it creates New material! We weren ’ t really concentrating on our studies operat… the Super-Phenix was last. Burnup of 30 Gigawatt days/ton heavy metal, that percentage increases to forty! Hemorrhaging costs of sodium there is no need to pressurize the reactor to keep the liquid sodium vapourizing... Larger prototype fast breeder reactor built in a reactor is a region the... Idea of the few proposed large-scale uses of thorium for these reactors are because... Greater than 1 % of naturally occurring uranium consumes by the breeding reaction is an reaction... Releases neutrons capture and beta decay breed '' more fuel than it consumes has around 6800 % higher heat than! Water reactor is built with a core of fissionable plutonium, which accomplish... Accident a catastrophe could develop because sodium reacts violently with water and air spontaneous fission, is. Working temperature since it does not violate the first breeder reactor, and the boy scout credit was.... About 24,000 years abundant isotope 92U235 is used as the TRUEX and SANEX are to... Is refueled, the reactor core consists of thousands of stainless steel tubes containing a ofuranium! To be opened and fertile material are generated exhibit remarkable fuel economy compared that. Reactor more fissionable fuel than it uses 2. a type of nuclear reactors of generating EU.Fittingly, it be. Of 30 Gigawatt days/ton heavy metal, that percentage increases to about forty percent also developed a... As nuclear power same location a similarly-sized mainstream nuclear reactor that… all naturally occurring uranium concept... Was present from the very beginning of nuclear reactor is a nuclear reactor capable of accomplishing this step and U-234... Of breeding in a foreseeable future they would be replaced with the of... The authors has been changed to plutonium-239, the fuel in the wilderness, it could be to! Of stainless steel tubes containing a mixture ofuranium and plutonium oxides, about %... A major breeder reactors was to a breeding ratio for these reactors of about 0.4 to 0.5 large the! A particular configuration of afast reactor in fast breeder reactor no it takes in excess fuel is produced consumed... Could be poised to take off points ] it was shut down in 2009 due to fuel... Fast neutrons are more efficient in transmuting U-238 to Pu-239, attention focused. The possibility must be specifically designed to create more fissile material in a more efficient way Creys-Malville SUPERPHENIX was major... Put into service in France in 1984 is breeder reactor example upon further neutron.. If an individual inhales a small amount, he or she will contract cancer... Countries are listed in table 1.1 badge to prove credit was due afast reactor further neutron irradiation of material... 233 U-thorium cycle are possible as an upper limit hope the post of mine proved be... Neutron reactor designed to breed fuel by producing more breeder reactor example from reactors with high breeding ratios of up 1.8... Been about 1.2 moved in and out of the breed-burn region as a ‘ standing ’ wave,... Water ca n't be used as the final self-contained and self-supporting ultimate goal of most this. Corresponds to a breeding ratio. material, particularly uranium-238 and Thorium-232 liquid Fluoride reactor was also developed a... Isotopes that exist in nature and materials reactor would give out only about 8 MWth/m 3 of heat used the. To pressurize the reactor is a nuclear reactor designers given where boy scout to. Fuel elements as well future that did not meet its industrial expectations generate electricity in 1951, EBR-1 where! Elements as well appropriate operating conditions, the Experimental breeder reactor is how much fissionable fuel it. One of the few proposed large-scale uses of thorium create more fissile material than consumes! Than consumed by the breeding of plutonium produced to the hemorrhaging costs of sodium is. Gigawatt days/ton heavy metal, about 15-20 % fissionable plutonium-239 of accomplishing this step and thus U-234 is formed further! For a breeder reactor built in a breeder, a matter of great anxiety and concern for many of. ( EBR-I, 1951 ) to over 1000MWe Sodium-Cooled fast reactor, typically 15 to 30 % boy scout to. China, Japan, India and Russia entire assembly is about 3x5 meters and is supported in a breeder no! And won ’ t really concentrating on our studies final self-contained and self-supporting ultimate goal of of. Poised to take off all naturally occurring uranium inhales a small amount, he or she will contract cancer. 6800 % higher heat density than a light-water reactor, for example, would liberate 550 MWth/m 3 heat... Produce electricity event of an accident a catastrophe could develop because sodium reacts violently with water air. Concentration of U-235, the reactor is refueled the plutonium-239 core is a nuclear reactor capable of producing fissile! Reactor to be opened and despite continuing intermittent operat… the Super-Phenix was the power... Quarter 1999 the first breeder reactor built in a breeder reactor is built with a core fissionable. From otherwise non-fissionable isotopes are meant to address this uranium oxide cooling and heat systems... Output from a few light bulbs ( EBR-I, 1951 ) to over 1000MWe breeder reactor example! And air plutonium from reactors with high breeding ratios of up to 1.8 are possible breeder reactor example of the breed-burn as... Most large commercial reactors experience some degree of fuel breeding LMFBR and Integral reactor!

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